The immune system defends the body against infections. Although it works well most of the time, sometimes our immune system breaks down and we get sick. Are there ways to strengthen our immune system and prevent disease? We will find out.
The immune system is a network of special cells, tissues, proteins, and organs that work together to protect the body against disease and potentially harmful foreign invaders.
When our immune system is functioning properly, it detects threats, such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses, and triggers an immune response to destroy them. Our immune system can be broadly divided into two parts: innate and adaptive.
Innate immunity is the natural protection we are born with and our first line of defense against infections. As soon as an infection is detected, our innate response acts quickly to try to evacuate the invader by producing additional mucus or by turning up the thermostat to make it burst with fever.
Adaptive immunity is protection that we acquire throughout our lives because we are exposed to diseases or protected against them by vaccines. The adaptive system spots an enemy and produces the specific weapons - or antibodies - that are needed to destroy and eliminate the invader from the body.
The adaptive system can take between 5 and 10 days to identify the necessary antibodies and produce them in sufficient numbers to successfully attack an invader. During this time, the innate system keeps the pathogen at bay and prevents it from multiplying.
Can the immune system be strengthened?
As such, innate immunity cannot be "boosted", and you wouldn't want it to be. If the innate response were stimulated, you would constantly feel bad with a runny nose, fever, lethargy, and depression.
The effectiveness of the adaptive response can be accelerated by vaccination. A vaccine contains a harmless version of the germ which you need to be protected. The adaptive system remembers the invader so that the next time it comes in contact with the germ it can act quickly to launch an attack.
While many products claim to boost immunity, this concept makes little scientific sense. Trying to stimulate cells of any kind is not necessarily a good thing and can lead to serious side effects.
The immune system, in particular, contains several different types of cells that respond to various microbes in many ways. Which cells would you grow and how many cells? This is a question that scientists do not yet know the answer to.
What researchers do know is that the body is continually making immune cells called white blood cells, or leukocytes, and making many more adaptive system cells - called lymphocytes - that mature into B and T cells than is necessary.
The excess cells destroy themselves by a process of natural cell death called apoptosis. It is not known what the best mix of cells or the optimal number is for the immune system to work at its best.
Weakened immune system
For many people, the immune system works well to regulate itself and does not need help. However, in some people, drugs or immune system disorders cause the immune system to be overactive or weak.
-Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually present from birth and are caused by the lack of parts of the immune system.
-Secondary immunodeficiency disorders occur when the immune system is compromised by environmental factors, including HIV, severe burns, malnutrition or chemotherapy.
-Allergies and asthma develop when the immune system reacts to substances that are not harmful.
-Autoimmune diseases are conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, where the immune system mistakenly attacks cells and tissues in the body.
Immune system disorders are treated with specific medicines that treat the symptoms and associated infections.
Impact of lifestyle on the immune response
The main components of the immune system include the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus.
However, much remains to be learned about the interconnectivity and complexity of the immune response. To work well, the whole system needs harmony and balance. The immune system is not a single entity or force field that needs to be repaired in order to function properly.
No direct link has been established between lifestyle and improved immune response, but researchers have studied the effect of factors such as exercise, diet and stress on the immune system's response.
The best thing you can do to maintain your immune system is to adopt healthy living strategies that will benefit your whole body, including your immune system. These strategies could include:
- eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
-exercise regularly
-maintaining a healthy weight
-stop smoking
-only consume alcohol in moderation
- get enough sleep
-avoid infection by washing your hands regularly
-reduce stress
Diet and the immune system
Eating a balanced diet and consuming the recommended amounts of nutrients will help maintain normal immune function.
Vitamins A, C and D and minerals - including zinc - play a role in the functioning of the immune system. If you are eating a balanced diet, you will not need to take supplements of these vitamins and minerals, and taking supplements will not particularly help your immune system.
Populations suffering from malnutrition are known to be more vulnerable to infections, and there is some evidence that deficiencies in certain micronutrients alter immune responses.
Vitamins and minerals
For example, zinc deficiency - which can contribute to chronic disease - has been shown to negatively impact how the immune system responds to inflammation in the elderly.
Vitamin D supplementation has been linked to alterations in the behavior of the immune system. Taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy - a time when the immune system is constantly flowing - can modify a newborn's immune system to protect it against respiratory infections and asthma.
Research suggests that vitamin D activates T cells which can identify and attack cancer cells and protect against colorectal cancer in some people. In older adults, vitamin D has also been shown to reduce respiratory infections.
Foods affecting the immune response
Studies have focused on how specific foods or diets might affect the immune response.
Soluble fiber switches immune cells from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory, which helps us heal infections faster.
-Pterostilbene and resveratrol, found in blueberries and red grapes, respectively, help increase expression of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene, which is involved in immune function. The CAMP gene plays a vital role in the innate immune system.
- Pros biotics can help counter the side effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics by keeping the immune system ready to respond to new infections.
DHA-rich fish oil has been found to increase B-cell activity, which may show promise for people with weakened immune systems.
Prolonged fasting has been linked to the regeneration of stem cells from older and damaged immune cells.
Curcumin, found in curry and turmeric, can help the immune system rid the brain of beta-amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer's disease.
Diets high in fat and calories trigger an immune system response similar to that of a bacterial infection. Researchers suggest that consuming unhealthy foods makes the body's defenses more aggressive long after switching to a healthy diet, which can contribute to conditions like arteriosclerosis and diabetes.
Exercise and the immune system </ h2>
Like eating a healthy diet, regular physical activity contributes to general good health and, therefore, to a healthy immune system. Exercise promotes efficient blood flow, which allows cells of the immune system to move so they can do their jobs efficiently.
One study found that just 20 minutes of moderate exercise stimulates the immune system, which in turn produces an anti-inflammatory cellular response.
The researchers noted that their findings have encouraging implications for people with chronic diseases - including arthritis and fibromyalgia - and obesity.
Other research has found that the best way to prevent adverse immune system changes and help the body recover from strenuous exercise is to consume carbohydrates during or after.
The authors of the article suggest that between 30 and 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour during physical activity can help maintain normal immune function.
Other immune response factors
In addition to a balanced diet and regular physical activity, scientists have found evidence of other factors that may affect the immune system's response.
Chronic sleep deprivation can decrease the immune system's response and the flow of white blood cells, while slow - or deep - sleep strengthens the immune system's memory of pathogens that have already been encountered.
Getting outside in the sunlight can benefit the immune system. Researchers have found that sunlight stimulates infection-fighting T cells that play a key role in immunity. Specifically, the blue light found in the sun's rays accelerated the movement of T cells, which can help them get to an infection site and respond more quickly.
Reducing stress can also help support the normal functioning of the immune system.
One study found that anticipating a happy or fun event increased levels of endorphins and other hormones that induce relaxation. Chronic stress can suppress the immune system's response and its ability to fight disease; therefore, reducing stress can help prevent infections and other disorders.
Singing in a choir for an hour has reduced stress, improved moods and increased immune protein levels in people with cancer and their caregivers. The results of the study show that something as simple as singing can help reduce stress-related immune suppression.
Loneliness has also been identified as a stressor that can affect the immune system.
Research has indicated that single people produced higher levels of inflammation-related proteins in response to stress than those who felt socially related.
Proteins linked to inflammation are associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis.
While many questions remain about how the immune system works, it's clear that eating a healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, getting enough sleep, and reducing stress will go a long way in maintaining your immunity.
Tips for a healthy immune system
The immune system is a network of special cells, tissues, proteins, and organs that work together to protect the body against disease and potentially harmful foreign invaders.
When our immune system is functioning properly, it detects threats, such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses, and triggers an immune response to destroy them. Our immune system can be broadly divided into two parts: innate and adaptive.
Innate immunity is the natural protection we are born with and our first line of defense against infections. As soon as an infection is detected, our innate response acts quickly to try to evacuate the invader by producing additional mucus or by turning up the thermostat to make it burst with fever.
Adaptive immunity is protection that we acquire throughout our lives because we are exposed to diseases or protected against them by vaccines. The adaptive system spots an enemy and produces the specific weapons - or antibodies - that are needed to destroy and eliminate the invader from the body.
The adaptive system can take between 5 and 10 days to identify the necessary antibodies and produce them in sufficient numbers to successfully attack an invader. During this time, the innate system keeps the pathogen at bay and prevents it from multiplying.
Can the immune system be strengthened?
As such, innate immunity cannot be "boosted", and you wouldn't want it to be. If the innate response were stimulated, you would constantly feel bad with a runny nose, fever, lethargy, and depression.
The effectiveness of the adaptive response can be accelerated by vaccination. A vaccine contains a harmless version of the germ which you need to be protected. The adaptive system remembers the invader so that the next time it comes in contact with the germ it can act quickly to launch an attack.
While many products claim to boost immunity, this concept makes little scientific sense. Trying to stimulate cells of any kind is not necessarily a good thing and can lead to serious side effects.
The immune system, in particular, contains several different types of cells that respond to various microbes in many ways. Which cells would you grow and how many cells? This is a question that scientists do not yet know the answer to.
What researchers do know is that the body is continually making immune cells called white blood cells, or leukocytes, and making many more adaptive system cells - called lymphocytes - that mature into B and T cells than is necessary.
The excess cells destroy themselves by a process of natural cell death called apoptosis. It is not known what the best mix of cells or the optimal number is for the immune system to work at its best.
Weakened immune system
For many people, the immune system works well to regulate itself and does not need help. However, in some people, drugs or immune system disorders cause the immune system to be overactive or weak.
-Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually present from birth and are caused by the lack of parts of the immune system.
-Secondary immunodeficiency disorders occur when the immune system is compromised by environmental factors, including HIV, severe burns, malnutrition or chemotherapy.
-Allergies and asthma develop when the immune system reacts to substances that are not harmful.
-Autoimmune diseases are conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, where the immune system mistakenly attacks cells and tissues in the body.
Immune system disorders are treated with specific medicines that treat the symptoms and associated infections.
Impact of lifestyle on the immune response
The main components of the immune system include the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus.
However, much remains to be learned about the interconnectivity and complexity of the immune response. To work well, the whole system needs harmony and balance. The immune system is not a single entity or force field that needs to be repaired in order to function properly.
No direct link has been established between lifestyle and improved immune response, but researchers have studied the effect of factors such as exercise, diet and stress on the immune system's response.
The best thing you can do to maintain your immune system is to adopt healthy living strategies that will benefit your whole body, including your immune system. These strategies could include:
- eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
-exercise regularly
-maintaining a healthy weight
-stop smoking
-only consume alcohol in moderation
- get enough sleep
-avoid infection by washing your hands regularly
-reduce stress
Diet and the immune system
Eating a balanced diet and consuming the recommended amounts of nutrients will help maintain normal immune function.
Vitamins A, C and D and minerals - including zinc - play a role in the functioning of the immune system. If you are eating a balanced diet, you will not need to take supplements of these vitamins and minerals, and taking supplements will not particularly help your immune system.
Populations suffering from malnutrition are known to be more vulnerable to infections, and there is some evidence that deficiencies in certain micronutrients alter immune responses.
Vitamins and minerals
For example, zinc deficiency - which can contribute to chronic disease - has been shown to negatively impact how the immune system responds to inflammation in the elderly.
Vitamin D supplementation has been linked to alterations in the behavior of the immune system. Taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy - a time when the immune system is constantly flowing - can modify a newborn's immune system to protect it against respiratory infections and asthma.
Research suggests that vitamin D activates T cells which can identify and attack cancer cells and protect against colorectal cancer in some people. In older adults, vitamin D has also been shown to reduce respiratory infections.
Foods affecting the immune response
Studies have focused on how specific foods or diets might affect the immune response.
Soluble fiber switches immune cells from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory, which helps us heal infections faster.
-Pterostilbene and resveratrol, found in blueberries and red grapes, respectively, help increase expression of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene, which is involved in immune function. The CAMP gene plays a vital role in the innate immune system.
- Pros biotics can help counter the side effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics by keeping the immune system ready to respond to new infections.
DHA-rich fish oil has been found to increase B-cell activity, which may show promise for people with weakened immune systems.
Prolonged fasting has been linked to the regeneration of stem cells from older and damaged immune cells.
Curcumin, found in curry and turmeric, can help the immune system rid the brain of beta-amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer's disease.
Diets high in fat and calories trigger an immune system response similar to that of a bacterial infection. Researchers suggest that consuming unhealthy foods makes the body's defenses more aggressive long after switching to a healthy diet, which can contribute to conditions like arteriosclerosis and diabetes.
Exercise and the immune system </ h2>
Like eating a healthy diet, regular physical activity contributes to general good health and, therefore, to a healthy immune system. Exercise promotes efficient blood flow, which allows cells of the immune system to move so they can do their jobs efficiently.
One study found that just 20 minutes of moderate exercise stimulates the immune system, which in turn produces an anti-inflammatory cellular response.
The researchers noted that their findings have encouraging implications for people with chronic diseases - including arthritis and fibromyalgia - and obesity.
Other research has found that the best way to prevent adverse immune system changes and help the body recover from strenuous exercise is to consume carbohydrates during or after.
The authors of the article suggest that between 30 and 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour during physical activity can help maintain normal immune function.
Other immune response factors
In addition to a balanced diet and regular physical activity, scientists have found evidence of other factors that may affect the immune system's response.
Chronic sleep deprivation can decrease the immune system's response and the flow of white blood cells, while slow - or deep - sleep strengthens the immune system's memory of pathogens that have already been encountered.
Getting outside in the sunlight can benefit the immune system. Researchers have found that sunlight stimulates infection-fighting T cells that play a key role in immunity. Specifically, the blue light found in the sun's rays accelerated the movement of T cells, which can help them get to an infection site and respond more quickly.
Reducing stress can also help support the normal functioning of the immune system.
One study found that anticipating a happy or fun event increased levels of endorphins and other hormones that induce relaxation. Chronic stress can suppress the immune system's response and its ability to fight disease; therefore, reducing stress can help prevent infections and other disorders.
Singing in a choir for an hour has reduced stress, improved moods and increased immune protein levels in people with cancer and their caregivers. The results of the study show that something as simple as singing can help reduce stress-related immune suppression.
Loneliness has also been identified as a stressor that can affect the immune system.
Research has indicated that single people produced higher levels of inflammation-related proteins in response to stress than those who felt socially related.
Proteins linked to inflammation are associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis.
While many questions remain about how the immune system works, it's clear that eating a healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, getting enough sleep, and reducing stress will go a long way in maintaining your immunity.
Tips for a healthy immune system